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penis envy
Penis envy ((ドイツ語:Penisneid)) is a stage theorized by Sigmund Freud regarding female psychosexual development, in which female adolescents experience anxiety upon realization that they do not have a penis. Freud considered this realization a defining moment in a series of transitions toward a mature female sexuality and gender identity. In Freudian theory, the penis envy stage begins the transition from an attachment to the mother to competition with the mother for the attention, recognition and affection of the father.〔Sigmund Freud, ''New Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis'' (PFL 2) p. 158-163〕 The parallel reaction of a boy's realization that women do not have a penis is castration anxiety.
Freud's theories regarding psychosexual development, and in particular the ''phallic stage'', were criticized and refined by other psychoanalysts, such as Karen Horney, Otto Fenichel, Ernest Jones, Erik Erikson, Jean Piaget, Juliet Mitchell, Clara Thompson.
Feminists argue that Freud's developmental theory is heteronormative and denies women a mature sexuality independent of men and for privileging the vagina over the clitoris as the center of women's sexuality. Freud's sociosexual theory has additionally come under criticism from feminists for privileging heterosexual sexual activity and penile penetration in defining women's "mature state of sexuality".〔Peter Gay, ''Freud'' (1989) p. 520-2〕〔Jane Gallup, ''Feminism and Psychoanalysis'' (1982) p. 69 and p. 84〕〔R. Appiganesi/C. Garratt, ''Postmodernism for Beginners'' (1995) p. 94-101〕 Counter-critics have responded that feminists misunderstand penis envy, which was not intended by Freud to refer literally to the envy of the male physical penis but to be understood as an abstract, evolving force in psychosexual development. Penis envy is theorized as a discrete event and reoccurring force in psychosexual development, not as "envy of the penis," but is sometimes used inexactly in contemporary culture to refer to women who are presumed to wish they were men.〔(Betty Friedan (1963), The Feminine Mystique, Chapter 5, The Sexual Solipsism of Sigmund Freud ), marxists.org〕
==Freud's theory==
Freud introduced his theory of the concept of interest in—and envy of—the penis in his 1908 article "On the Sexual Theories of Children":〔Sigmund Freud, ''On Sexuality'' (PFL 7) p. 195-6〕 it was not mentioned in the first edition of Freud's earlier ''Three Contributions to the Theory of Sex'' (1905), but a synopsis of the 1908 article was added to the third edition in 1915.〔Freud, ''On Sexuality'' p. 112-4〕 In ''On Narcissism'' (1914) he described how some women develop a masculine ideal as "a survival of the boyish nature that they themselves once possessed".〔Sigmund Freud, ''On Metapsychology'' (PFL 11) p. 83-4〕 The term grew in significance as Freud gradually refined his views of sexuality, coming to describe a mental process he believed occurred as one went from the phallic stage to the latency stage (see Psychosexual development).〔Freud, ''On Sexuality'' p. 336-40〕
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